As a result, if we take our mental snap shot as the attacker is going down, then the defenders around the attacker may appear a lot closer than they were when the holding offence actually happened. This means that if the referee’s mental snap shot of the tactical offence is even a split scond too late, then the situation may look like a SPA. If the referee’s mental snap shot of the tactical offence is at the actual moment of the foul, then the situation may look like a DOGSO.

Especially when the referee faces a counterattack, they are too focused on catching up with play or on the ball and its vicinity. They fail to scan the field to understand where the defenders are when the foul actually occurs.